# Elixir v1.10.3 GenServer behaviour View Source

A behaviour module for implementing the server of a client-server relation.

A GenServer is a process like any other Elixir process and it can be used to keep state, execute code asynchronously and so on. The advantage of using a generic server process (GenServer) implemented using this module is that it will have a standard set of interface functions and include functionality for tracing and error reporting. It will also fit into a supervision tree.

## Example

The GenServer behaviour abstracts the common client-server interaction. Developers are only required to implement the callbacks and functionality they are interested in.

Let's start with a code example and then explore the available callbacks. Imagine we want a GenServer that works like a stack, allowing us to push and pop elements:

    defmodule Stack do
      use GenServer

      # Callbacks

      @impl true
      def init(stack) do
        {:ok, stack}
      end

      @impl true
      def handle_call(:pop, _from, [head | tail]) do
        {:reply, head, tail}
      end

      @impl true
      def handle_cast({:push, element}, state) do
        {:noreply, [element | state]}
      end
    end

    # Start the server
    {:ok, pid} = GenServer.start_link(Stack, [:hello])

    # This is the client
    GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
    #=> :hello

    GenServer.cast(pid, {:push, :world})
    #=> :ok

    GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
    #=> :world

We start our `Stack` by calling `start_link/2`, passing the module with the server implementation and its initial argument (a list representing the stack containing the element `:hello`). We can primarily interact with the server by sending two types of messages. call messages expect a reply from the server (and are therefore synchronous) while cast messages do not.

Every time you do a `GenServer.call/3`, the client will send a message that must be handled by the `c:handle_call/3` callback in the GenServer. A `cast/2` message must be handled by `c:handle_cast/2`. There are 7 possible callbacks to be implemented when you use a `GenServer`. The only required callback is `c:init/1`.

## Client / Server APIs

Although in the example above we have used `GenServer.start_link/3` and friends to directly start and communicate with the server, most of the time we don't call the `GenServer` functions directly. Instead, we wrap the calls in new functions representing the public API of the server.

Here is a better implementation of our Stack module:

    defmodule Stack do
      use GenServer

      # Client

      def start_link(default) when is_list(default) do
        GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, default)
      end

      def push(pid, element) do
        GenServer.cast(pid, {:push, element})
      end

      def pop(pid) do
        GenServer.call(pid, :pop)
      end

      # Server (callbacks)

      @impl true
      def init(stack) do
        {:ok, stack}
      end

      @impl true
      def handle_call(:pop, _from, [head | tail]) do
        {:reply, head, tail}
      end

      @impl true
      def handle_cast({:push, element}, state) do
        {:noreply, [element | state]}
      end
    end

In practice, it is common to have both server and client functions in the same module. If the server and/or client implementations are growing complex, you may want to have them in different modules.

## How to supervise

A `GenServer` is most commonly started under a supervision tree. When we invoke `use GenServer`, it automatically defines a `child_spec/1` function that allows us to start the `Stack` directly under a supervisor. To start a default stack of `[:hello]` under a supervisor, one may do:

    children = [
      {Stack, [:hello]}
    ]

    Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_all)

Note you can also start it simply as `Stack`, which is the same as `{Stack, []}`:

    children = [
      Stack # The same as {Stack, []}
    ]

    Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_all)

In both cases, `Stack.start_link/1` is always invoked.

`use GenServer` also accepts a list of options which configures the child specification and therefore how it runs under a supervisor. The generated `child_spec/1` can be customized with the following options:

- `:id` - the child specification identifier, defaults to the current module
- `:restart` - when the child should be restarted, defaults to `:permanent`
- `:shutdown` - how to shut down the child, either immediately or by giving it time to shut down

For example:

    use GenServer, restart: :transient, shutdown: 10_000

See the "Child specification" section in the `Supervisor` module for more detailed information. The `@doc` annotation immediately preceding `use GenServer` will be attached to the generated `child_spec/1` function.

## Name registration

Both `start_link/3` and `start/3` support the `GenServer` to register a name on start via the `:name` option. Registered names are also automatically cleaned up on termination. The supported values are:

- an atom - the GenServer is registered locally with the given name using `Process.register/2`.

- `{:global, term}` - the GenServer is registered globally with the given term using the functions in the module`:global`.

- `{:via, module, term}` - the GenServer is registered with the given mechanism and name. The `:via` option expects a module that exports `register_name/2`, `unregister_name/1`, `whereis_name/1` and `send/2`. One such example is the module`:global` which uses these functions for keeping the list of names of processes and their associated PIDs that are available globally for a network of Elixir nodes. Elixir also ships with a local, decentralized and scalable registry called `Registry` for locally storing names that are generated dynamically.

For example, we could start and register our `Stack` server locally as follows:

    # Start the server and register it locally with name MyStack
    {:ok, _} = GenServer.start_link(Stack, [:hello], name: MyStack)

    # Now messages can be sent directly to MyStack
    GenServer.call(MyStack, :pop)
    #=> :hello

Once the server is started, the remaining functions in this module (`call/3`, `cast/2`, and friends) will also accept an atom, or any `{:global, ...}` or `{:via, ...}` tuples. In general, the following formats are supported:

- a PID
- an atom if the server is locally registered
- `{atom, node}` if the server is locally registered at another node
- `{:global, term}` if the server is globally registered
- `{:via, module, name}` if the server is registered through an alternative registry

If there is an interest to register dynamic names locally, do not use atoms, as atoms are never garbage-collected and therefore dynamically generated atoms won't be garbage-collected. For such cases, you can set up your own local registry by using the `Registry` module.

## Receiving "regular" messages

The goal of a `GenServer` is to abstract the "receive" loop for developers, automatically handling system messages, supporting code change, synchronous calls and more. Therefore, you should never call your own "receive" inside the GenServer callbacks as doing so will cause the GenServer to misbehave.

Besides the synchronous and asynchronous communication provided by `call/3` and `cast/2`, "regular" messages sent by functions such as `Kernel.send/2`, `Process.send_after/4` and similar, can be handled inside the `c:handle_info/2` callback.

`c:handle_info/2` can be used in many situations, such as handling monitor DOWN messages sent by `Process.monitor/1`. Another use case for `c:handle_info/2` is to perform periodic work, with the help of `Process.send_after/4`:

    defmodule MyApp.Periodically do
      use GenServer

      def start_link(_) do
        GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, %{})
      end

      @impl true
      def init(state) do
        # Schedule work to be performed on start
        schedule_work()

        {:ok, state}
      end

      @impl true
      def handle_info(:work, state) do
        # Do the desired work here
        # ...

        # Reschedule once more
        schedule_work()

        {:noreply, state}
      end

      defp schedule_work do
        # In 2 hours
        Process.send_after(self(), :work, 2 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
      end
    end

## Timeouts

The return value of `c:init/1` or any of the `handle_*` callbacks may include a timeout value in milliseconds; if not, `:infinity` is assumed. The timeout can be used to detect a lull in incoming messages.

If the process has no messages waiting when the timeout is set and the number of given milliseconds pass without any message arriving, then `handle_info/2` will be called with `:timeout` as the first argument. The timeout is cleared if any message is waiting or arrives before the given timeout.

Because a message may arrive before the timeout is set, even a timeout of `0` milliseconds is not guaranteed to execute. To take another action immediately and unconditionally, use a `:continue` instruction.

## When (not) to use a GenServer

So far, we have learned that a `GenServer` can be used as a supervised process that handles sync and async calls. It can also handle system messages, such as periodic messages and monitoring events. GenServer processes may also be named.

A GenServer, or a process in general, must be used to model runtime characteristics of your system. A GenServer must never be used for code organization purposes.

In Elixir, code organization is done by modules and functions, processes are not necessary. For example, imagine you are implementing a calculator and you decide to put all the calculator operations behind a GenServer:

    def add(a, b) do
      GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:add, a, b})
    end

    def handle_call({:add, a, b}, _from, state) do
      {:reply, a + b, state}
    end

    def handle_call({:subtract, a, b}, _from, state) do
      {:reply, a - b, state}
    end

This is an anti-pattern not only because it convolutes the calculator logic but also because you put the calculator logic behind a single process that will potentially become a bottleneck in your system, especially as the number of calls grow. Instead just define the functions directly:

    def add(a, b) do
      a + b
    end

    def subtract(a, b) do
      a - b
    end

If you don't need a process, then you don't need a process. Use processes only to model runtime properties, such as mutable state, concurrency and failures, never for code organization.

## Debugging with the :sys module

GenServers, as special processes, can be debugged using the module`:sys`. Through various hooks, this module allows developers to introspect the state of the process and trace system events that happen during its execution, such as received messages, sent replies and state changes.

Let's explore the basic functions from the module`:sys` used for debugging:

- `:sys.get_state/2` - allows retrieval of the state of the process. In the case of a GenServer process, it will be the callback module state, as passed into the callback functions as last argument.
- `:sys.get_status/2` - allows retrieval of the status of the process. This status includes the process dictionary, if the process is running or is suspended, the parent PID, the debugger state, and the state of the behaviour module, which includes the callback module state (as returned by `:sys.get_state/2`). It's possible to change how this status is represented by defining the optional `c:GenServer.format_status/2` callback.
- `:sys.trace/3` - prints all the system events to `:stdio`.
- `:sys.statistics/3` - manages collection of process statistics.
- `:sys.no_debug/2` - turns off all debug handlers for the given process. It is very important to switch off debugging once we're done. Excessive debug handlers or those that should be turned off, but weren't, can seriously damage the performance of the system.
- `:sys.suspend/2` - allows to suspend a process so that it only replies to system messages but no other messages. A suspended process can be reactivated via `:sys.resume/2`.

Let's see how we could use those functions for debugging the stack server we defined earlier.

    iex> {:ok, pid} = Stack.start_link([])
    iex> :sys.statistics(pid, true) # turn on collecting process statistics
    iex> :sys.trace(pid, true) # turn on event printing
    iex> Stack.push(pid, 1)
    *DBG* <0.122.0> got cast {push,1}
    *DBG* <0.122.0> new state [1]
    :ok

    iex> :sys.get_state(pid)
    [1]

    iex> Stack.pop(pid)
    *DBG* <0.122.0> got call pop from <0.80.0>
    *DBG* <0.122.0> sent 1 to <0.80.0>, new state []
    1

    iex> :sys.statistics(pid, :get)
    {:ok,
     [
       start_time: {{2016, 7, 16}, {12, 29, 41}},
       current_time: {{2016, 7, 16}, {12, 29, 50}},
       reductions: 117,
       messages_in: 2,
       messages_out: 0
     ]}

    iex> :sys.no_debug(pid) # turn off all debug handlers
    :ok

    iex> :sys.get_status(pid)
    {:status, #PID<0.122.0>, {:module, :gen_server},
     [
       [
         "$initial_call": {Stack, :init, 1},            # process dictionary
         "$ancestors": [#PID<0.80.0>, #PID<0.51.0>]
       ],
       :running,                                        # :running | :suspended
       #PID<0.80.0>,                                    # parent
       [],                                              # debugger state
       [
         header: 'Status for generic server <0.122.0>', # module status
         data: [
           {'Status', :running},
           {'Parent', #PID<0.80.0>},
           {'Logged events', []}
         ],
         data: [{'State', [1]}]
       ]
     ]}

## Learn more

If you wish to find out more about GenServers, the Elixir Getting Started guide provides a tutorial-like introduction. The documentation and links in Erlang can also provide extra insight.

- GenServer - Elixir's Getting Started Guide
- module documentation`:gen_server`
- gen_server Behaviour - OTP Design Principles
- Clients and Servers - Learn You Some Erlang for Great Good!

# Link to this section Summary

## Types

debug()

Debug options supported by the `start*` functions

from()

Tuple describing the client of a call request.

name()

The GenServer name

on_start()

Return values of `start*` functions

option()

Option values used by the `start*` functions

options()

Options used by the `start*` functions

server()

The server reference.

## Functions

abcast(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request)

Casts all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified nodes.

call(server, request, timeout \\ 5000)

Makes a synchronous call to the `server` and waits for its reply.

cast(server, request)

Sends an asynchronous request to the `server`.

multi_call(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request, timeout \\ :infinity)

Calls all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified `nodes`.

reply(client, reply)

Replies to a client.

start(module, init_arg, options \\ [])

Starts a `GenServer` process without links (outside of a supervision tree).

start_link(module, init_arg, options \\ [])

Starts a `GenServer` process linked to the current process.

stop(server, reason \\ :normal, timeout \\ :infinity)

Synchronously stops the server with the given `reason`.

whereis(server)

Returns the `pid` or `{name, node}` of a GenServer process, or `nil` if no process is associated with the given `server`.

## Callbacks

code_change(old_vsn, state, extra)

Invoked to change the state of the `GenServer` when a different version of a module is loaded (hot code swapping) and the state's term structure should be changed.

format_status(reason, pdict_and_state)

Invoked in some cases to retrieve a formatted version of the `GenServer` status.

handle_call(request, from, state)

Invoked to handle synchronous `call/3` messages. `call/3` will block until a reply is received (unless the call times out or nodes are disconnected).

handle_cast(request, state)

Invoked to handle asynchronous `cast/2` messages.

handle_continue(continue, state)

Invoked to handle `continue` instructions.

handle_info(msg, state)

Invoked to handle all other messages.

init(init_arg)

Invoked when the server is started. `start_link/3` or `start/3` will block until it returns.

terminate(reason, state)

Invoked when the server is about to exit. It should do any cleanup required.

# Link to this section Types

Link to this type

# debug()

View Source

## Specs

    debug() :: [:trace | :log | :statistics | {:log_to_file, Path.t()}]

Debug options supported by the `start*` functions

Link to this type

# from()

View Source

## Specs

    from() :: {pid(), tag :: term()}

Tuple describing the client of a call request.

`pid` is the PID of the caller and `tag` is a unique term used to identify the call.

Link to this type

# name()

View Source

## Specs

    name() :: atom() | {:global, term()} | {:via, module(), term()}

The GenServer name

Link to this type

# on_start()

View Source

## Specs

    on_start() ::
      {:ok, pid()} | :ignore | {:error, {:already_started, pid()} | term()}

Return values of `start*` functions

Link to this type

# option()

View Source

## Specs

    option() ::
      {:debug, debug()}
      | {:name, name()}
      | {:timeout, timeout()}
      | {:spawn_opt, Process.spawn_opt()}
      | {:hibernate_after, timeout()}

Option values used by the `start*` functions

Link to this type

# options()

View Source

## Specs

    options() :: [option()]

Options used by the `start*` functions

Link to this type

# server()

View Source

## Specs

    server() :: pid() | name() | {atom(), node()}

The server reference.

This is either a plain PID or a value representing a registered name. See the "Name registration" section of this document for more information.

# Link to this section Functions

Link to this function

# abcast(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request)

View Source

## Specs

    abcast([node()], name :: atom(), term()) :: :abcast

Casts all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified nodes.

This function returns immediately and ignores nodes that do not exist, or where the server name does not exist.

See `multi_call/4` for more information.

Link to this function

# call(server, request, timeout \\ 5000)

View Source

## Specs

    call(server(), term(), timeout()) :: term()

Makes a synchronous call to the `server` and waits for its reply.

The client sends the given `request` to the server and waits until a reply arrives or a timeout occurs. `c:handle_call/3` will be called on the server to handle the request.

`server` can be any of the values described in the "Name registration" section of the documentation for this module.

## Timeouts

`timeout` is an integer greater than zero which specifies how many milliseconds to wait for a reply, or the atom `:infinity` to wait indefinitely. The default value is `5000`. If no reply is received within the specified time, the function call fails and the caller exits. If the caller catches the failure and continues running, and the server is just late with the reply, it may arrive at any time later into the caller's message queue. The caller must in this case be prepared for this and discard any such garbage messages that are two-element tuples with a reference as the first element.

Link to this function

# cast(server, request)

View Source

## Specs

    cast(server(), term()) :: :ok

Sends an asynchronous request to the `server`.

This function always returns `:ok` regardless of whether the destination `server` (or node) exists. Therefore it is unknown whether the destination `server` successfully handled the message.

`c:handle_cast/2` will be called on the server to handle the request. In case the `server` is on a node which is not yet connected to the caller one, the semantics differ depending on the used Erlang/OTP version.

`server` can be any of the values described in the "Name registration" section of the documentation for this module.

Before Erlang/OTP 21, the call is going to block until a connection happens. This was done to guarantee ordering. Starting with Erlang/OTP 21, both Erlang and Elixir do not block the call.

Link to this function

# multi_call(nodes \\ [node() | Node.list()], name, request, timeout \\ :infinity)

View Source

## Specs

    multi_call([node()], name :: atom(), term(), timeout()) ::
      {replies :: [{node(), term()}], bad_nodes :: [node()]}

Calls all servers locally registered as `name` at the specified `nodes`.

First, the `request` is sent to every node in `nodes`; then, the caller waits for the replies. This function returns a two-element tuple `{replies, bad_nodes}` where:

- `replies` - is a list of `{node, reply}` tuples where `node` is the node that replied and `reply` is its reply
- `bad_nodes` - is a list of nodes that either did not exist or where a server with the given `name` did not exist or did not reply

`nodes` is a list of node names to which the request is sent. The default value is the list of all known nodes (including this node).

To avoid that late answers (after the timeout) pollute the caller's message queue, a middleman process is used to do the actual calls. Late answers will then be discarded when they arrive to a terminated process.

## Examples

Assuming the `Stack` GenServer mentioned in the docs for the `GenServer` module is registered as `Stack` in the `:"foo@my-machine"` and `:"bar@my-machine"` nodes:

    GenServer.multi_call(Stack, :pop)
    #=> {[{:"foo@my-machine", :hello}, {:"bar@my-machine", :world}], []}

Link to this function

# reply(client, reply)

View Source

## Specs

    reply(from(), term()) :: :ok

Replies to a client.

This function can be used to explicitly send a reply to a client that called `call/3` or `multi_call/4` when the reply cannot be specified in the return value of `c:handle_call/3`.

`client` must be the `from` argument (the second argument) accepted by `c:handle_call/3` callbacks. `reply` is an arbitrary term which will be given back to the client as the return value of the call.

Note that `reply/2` can be called from any process, not just the GenServer that originally received the call (as long as that GenServer communicated the `from` argument somehow).

This function always returns `:ok`.

## Examples

    def handle_call(:reply_in_one_second, from, state) do
      Process.send_after(self(), {:reply, from}, 1_000)
      {:noreply, state}
    end

    def handle_info({:reply, from}, state) do
      GenServer.reply(from, :one_second_has_passed)
      {:noreply, state}
    end

Link to this function

# start(module, init_arg, options \\ [])

View Source

## Specs

    start(module(), any(), options()) :: on_start()

Starts a `GenServer` process without links (outside of a supervision tree).

See `start_link/3` for more information.

Link to this function

# start_link(module, init_arg, options \\ [])

View Source

## Specs

    start_link(module(), any(), options()) :: on_start()

Starts a `GenServer` process linked to the current process.

This is often used to start the `GenServer` as part of a supervision tree.

Once the server is started, the `c:init/1` function of the given `module` is called with `init_arg` as its argument to initialize the server. To ensure a synchronized start-up procedure, this function does not return until `c:init/1` has returned.

Note that a `GenServer` started with `start_link/3` is linked to the parent process and will exit in case of crashes from the parent. The GenServer will also exit due to the `:normal` reasons in case it is configured to trap exits in the `c:init/1` callback.

## Options

- `:name` - used for name registration as described in the "Name registration" section in the documentation for `GenServer`

- `:timeout` - if present, the server is allowed to spend the given number of milliseconds initializing or it will be terminated and the start function will return `{:error, :timeout}`

- `:debug` - if present, the corresponding function in the module`:sys` is invoked

- `:spawn_opt` - if present, its value is passed as options to the underlying process as in `Process.spawn/4`

- `:hibernate_after` - if present, the GenServer process awaits any message for the given number of milliseconds and if no message is received, the process goes into hibernation automatically (by calling `:proc_lib.hibernate/3`).

## Return values

If the server is successfully created and initialized, this function returns `{:ok, pid}`, where `pid` is the PID of the server. If a process with the specified server name already exists, this function returns `{:error, {:already_started, pid}}` with the PID of that process.

If the `c:init/1` callback fails with `reason`, this function returns `{:error, reason}`. Otherwise, if it returns `{:stop, reason}` or `:ignore`, the process is terminated and this function returns `{:error, reason}` or `:ignore`, respectively.

Link to this function

# stop(server, reason \\ :normal, timeout \\ :infinity)

View Source

## Specs

    stop(server(), reason :: term(), timeout()) :: :ok

Synchronously stops the server with the given `reason`.

The `c:terminate/2` callback of the given `server` will be invoked before exiting. This function returns `:ok` if the server terminates with the given reason; if it terminates with another reason, the call exits.

This function keeps OTP semantics regarding error reporting. If the reason is any other than `:normal`, `:shutdown` or `{:shutdown, _}`, an error report is logged.

Link to this function

# whereis(server)

View Source

## Specs

    whereis(server()) :: pid() | {atom(), node()} | nil

Returns the `pid` or `{name, node}` of a GenServer process, or `nil` if no process is associated with the given `server`.

## Examples

For example, to lookup a server process, monitor it and send a cast to it:

    process = GenServer.whereis(server)
    monitor = Process.monitor(process)
    GenServer.cast(process, :hello)

# Link to this section Callbacks

Link to this callback

# code_change(old_vsn, state, extra)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    code_change(old_vsn, state :: term(), extra :: term()) ::
      {:ok, new_state :: term()} | {:error, reason :: term()}
    when old_vsn: term() | {:down, term()}

Invoked to change the state of the `GenServer` when a different version of a module is loaded (hot code swapping) and the state's term structure should be changed.

`old_vsn` is the previous version of the module (defined by the `@vsn` attribute) when upgrading. When downgrading the previous version is wrapped in a 2-tuple with first element `:down`. `state` is the current state of the `GenServer` and `extra` is any extra data required to change the state.

Returning `{:ok, new_state}` changes the state to `new_state` and the code change is successful.

Returning `{:error, reason}` fails the code change with reason `reason` and the state remains as the previous state.

If `c:code_change/3` raises the code change fails and the loop will continue with its previous state. Therefore this callback does not usually contain side effects.

This callback is optional.

Link to this callback

# format_status(reason, pdict_and_state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    format_status(reason, pdict_and_state :: list()) :: term()
    when reason: :normal | :terminate

Invoked in some cases to retrieve a formatted version of the `GenServer` status.

This callback can be useful to control the appearance of the status of the `GenServer`. For example, it can be used to return a compact representation of the `GenServer`'s state to avoid having large state terms printed.

- one of `:sys.get_status/1` or `:sys.get_status/2` is invoked to get the status of the `GenServer`; in such cases, `reason` is `:normal`

- the `GenServer` terminates abnormally and logs an error; in such cases, `reason` is `:terminate`

`pdict_and_state` is a two-elements list `[pdict, state]` where `pdict` is a list of `{key, value}` tuples representing the current process dictionary of the `GenServer` and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.

Link to this callback

# handle_call(request, from, state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    handle_call(request :: term(), from(), state :: term()) ::
      {:reply, reply, new_state}
      | {:reply, reply, new_state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | {:noreply, new_state}
      | {:noreply, new_state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | {:stop, reason, reply, new_state}
      | {:stop, reason, new_state}
    when reply: term(), new_state: term(), reason: term()

Invoked to handle synchronous `call/3` messages. `call/3` will block until a reply is received (unless the call times out or nodes are disconnected).

`request` is the request message sent by a `call/3`, `from` is a 2-tuple containing the caller's PID and a term that uniquely identifies the call, and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.

Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state}` sends the response `reply` to the caller and continues the loop with new state `new_state`.

Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, timeout}` is similar to `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except that it also sets a timeout. See the "Timeouts" section in the module documentation for more information.

Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, :hibernate}` is similar to `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except the process is hibernated and will continue the loop once a message is in its message queue. If a message is already in the message queue this will be immediately. Hibernating a `GenServer` causes garbage collection and leaves a continuous heap that minimises the memory used by the process.

Returning `{:reply, reply, new_state, {:continue, continue}}` is similar to `{:reply, reply, new_state}` except `c:handle_continue/2` will be invoked immediately after with the value `continue` as first argument.

Hibernating should not be used aggressively as too much time could be spent garbage collecting. Normally it should only be used when a message is not expected soon and minimising the memory of the process is shown to be beneficial.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state}` does not send a response to the caller and continues the loop with new state `new_state`. The response must be sent with `reply/2`.

There are three main use cases for not replying using the return value:

- To reply before returning from the callback because the response is known before calling a slow function.
- To reply after returning from the callback because the response is not yet available.
- To reply from another process, such as a task.

When replying from another process the `GenServer` should exit if the other process exits without replying as the caller will be blocking awaiting a reply.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state, timeout | :hibernate | {:continue, continue}}` is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}` except a timeout, hibernation or continue occurs as with a `:reply` tuple.

Returning `{:stop, reason, reply, new_state}` stops the loop and `c:terminate/2` is called with reason `reason` and state `new_state`. Then the `reply` is sent as the response to call and the process exits with reason `reason`.

Returning `{:stop, reason, new_state}` is similar to `{:stop, reason, reply, new_state}` except a reply is not sent.

This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail if a call is performed against it.

Link to this callback

# handle_cast(request, state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    handle_cast(request :: term(), state :: term()) ::
      {:noreply, new_state}
      | {:noreply, new_state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | {:stop, reason :: term(), new_state}
    when new_state: term()

Invoked to handle asynchronous `cast/2` messages.

`request` is the request message sent by a `cast/2` and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state}` continues the loop with new state `new_state`.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state, timeout}` is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}` except that it also sets a timeout. See the "Timeouts" section in the module documentation for more information.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state, :hibernate}` is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}` except the process is hibernated before continuing the loop. See `c:handle_call/3` for more information.

Returning `{:noreply, new_state, {:continue, continue}}` is similar to `{:noreply, new_state}` except `c:handle_continue/2` will be invoked immediately after with the value `continue` as first argument.

Returning `{:stop, reason, new_state}` stops the loop and `c:terminate/2` is called with the reason `reason` and state `new_state`. The process exits with reason `reason`.

This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail if a cast is performed against it.

Link to this callback

# handle_continue(continue, state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    handle_continue(continue :: term(), state :: term()) ::
      {:noreply, new_state}
      | {:noreply, new_state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | {:stop, reason :: term(), new_state}
    when new_state: term()

Invoked to handle `continue` instructions.

It is useful for performing work after initialization or for splitting the work in a callback in multiple steps, updating the process state along the way.

Return values are the same as `c:handle_cast/2`.

This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the server will fail if a continue instruction is used.

This callback is only supported on Erlang/OTP 21+.

Link to this callback

# handle_info(msg, state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    handle_info(msg :: :timeout | term(), state :: term()) ::
      {:noreply, new_state}
      | {:noreply, new_state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | {:stop, reason :: term(), new_state}
    when new_state: term()

Invoked to handle all other messages.

`msg` is the message and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`. When a timeout occurs the message is `:timeout`.

Return values are the same as `c:handle_cast/2`.

This callback is optional. If one is not implemented, the received message will be logged.

Link to this callback

# init(init_arg)

View Source

## Specs

    init(init_arg :: term()) ::
      {:ok, state}
      | {:ok, state, timeout() | :hibernate | {:continue, term()}}
      | :ignore
      | {:stop, reason :: any()}
    when state: any()

Invoked when the server is started. `start_link/3` or `start/3` will block until it returns.

`init_arg` is the argument term (second argument) passed to `start_link/3`.

Returning `{:ok, state}` will cause `start_link/3` to return `{:ok, pid}` and the process to enter its loop.

Returning `{:ok, state, timeout}` is similar to `{:ok, state}`, except that it also sets a timeout. See the "Timeouts" section in the module documentation for more information.

Returning `{:ok, state, :hibernate}` is similar to `{:ok, state}` except the process is hibernated before entering the loop. See `c:handle_call/3` for more information on hibernation.

Returning `{:ok, state, {:continue, continue}}` is similar to `{:ok, state}` except that immediately after entering the loop the `c:handle_continue/2` callback will be invoked with the value `continue` as first argument.

Returning `:ignore` will cause `start_link/3` to return `:ignore` and the process will exit normally without entering the loop or calling `c:terminate/2`. If used when part of a supervision tree the parent supervisor will not fail to start nor immediately try to restart the `GenServer`. The remainder of the supervision tree will be started and so the `GenServer` should not be required by other processes. It can be started later with `Supervisor.restart_child/2` as the child specification is saved in the parent supervisor. The main use cases for this are:

- The `GenServer` is disabled by configuration but might be enabled later.
- An error occurred and it will be handled by a different mechanism than the `Supervisor`. Likely this approach involves calling `Supervisor.restart_child/2` after a delay to attempt a restart.

Returning `{:stop, reason}` will cause `start_link/3` to return `{:error, reason}` and the process to exit with reason `reason` without entering the loop or calling `c:terminate/2`.

Link to this callback

# terminate(reason, state)

View Source (optional)

## Specs

    terminate(reason, state :: term()) :: term()
    when reason: :normal | :shutdown | {:shutdown, term()} | term()

Invoked when the server is about to exit. It should do any cleanup required.

`reason` is exit reason and `state` is the current state of the `GenServer`. The return value is ignored.

`c:terminate/2` is called if a callback (except `c:init/1`) does one of the following:

- returns a `:stop` tuple
- raises
- calls `Kernel.exit/1`
- returns an invalid value
- the `GenServer` traps exits (using `Process.flag/2`) and the parent process sends an exit signal

If part of a supervision tree, a `GenServer` will receive an exit signal when the tree is shutting down. The exit signal is based on the shutdown strategy in the child's specification, where this value can be:

- `:brutal_kill`: the `GenServer` is killed and so `c:terminate/2` is not called.

- a timeout value, where the supervisor will send the exit signal `:shutdown` and the `GenServer` will have the duration of the timeout to terminate. If after duration of this timeout the process is still alive, it will be killed immediately.

For a more in-depth explanation, please read the "Shutdown values (:shutdown)" section in the `Supervisor` module.

If the `GenServer` receives an exit signal (that is not `:normal`) from any process when it is not trapping exits it will exit abruptly with the same reason and so not call `c:terminate/2`. Note that a process does NOT trap exits by default and an exit signal is sent when a linked process exits or its node is disconnected.

Therefore it is not guaranteed that `c:terminate/2` is called when a `GenServer` exits. For such reasons, we usually recommend important clean-up rules to happen in separated processes either by use of monitoring or by links themselves. There is no cleanup needed when the `GenServer` controls a `port` (for example, `:gen_tcp.socket`) or `t:File.io_device/0`, because these will be closed on receiving a `GenServer`'s exit signal and do not need to be closed manually in `c:terminate/2`.

If `reason` is neither `:normal`, `:shutdown`, nor `{:shutdown, term}` an error is logged.

This callback is optional.